Fundamentals of Backup

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• Determining a Backup Strategy :

After selecting the files to back up and specifying the backup destination, there is at least one more critical choice to make. Click Start Backup, then click Advanced, and the Advanced Backup Options dialog box appears, allowing you to specify the backup type. The backup type determines which of your selected files is in fact transferred to the destination media.

Firewall and Proxy Facts

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Firewall and Proxy Facts

Keep in mind the following facts about firewalls and proxy servers.

• A firewall prevents invalid communications from entering a network while allowing valid communications to travel in and out.
• TCP/IP Filtering is a form of a very basic firewall.

Managing the backup process

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Managing the backup process

It is important to understand that backing up is a process. As long as new data is being created and changes are being made, backups will need to be updated.

Manipulation of data and dataset optimization

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Manipulation of data and dataset optimization

It is frequently useful or required to manipulate the data being backed up to optimize the backup process. These manipulations can provide many benefits including improved backup speed, restore speed, data security, media usage and/or reduced bandwidth requirements.

Selection and extraction of data

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Selection and extraction of data

A successful backup job starts with selecting and extracting coherent units of data. Most data on modern

computer systems is stored in discrete units, known as files. These files are organized into filesystems. Files that are actively being updated can be thought of as "live" and present a

Storage, the base of a backup system

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Data repository models

Any backup strategy starts with a concept of a data repository. The backup data needs to be stored somehow and probably should be organized to a degree.

Backup

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Backup

In information technology, a backup or the process of backing up is making copies of data which may be used to restore the original after a data loss event. The verb form is back up in two words, whereas the noun is backup.^[1]

10 Tips for Successful Business Networking

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Effective business networking is the linking together of individuals who, through trust and relationship building, become walking, talking advertisements for one another.

1. Keep in mind that networking is about being genuine and authentic, building trust and relationships, and seeing how you can help others.
2. Ask yourself what your goals are in participating in networking meetings so that you will pick groups that will help you get what you are looking for. Some meetings are based more on learning, making contacts, and/or volunteering rather than on strictly making business connections.
3. Visit as many groups as possible that spark your interest. Notice the tone and attitude of the group. Do the people sound supportive of one another? Does the leadership appear competent? Many groups will allow you to visit two times before joining.
4. Hold volunteer positions in organizations. This is a great way to stay visible and give back to groups that have helped you.
   

IP Routing Frequently Asked Questions

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Introduction

This document provides answers to some of the more frequently asked questions about IP Routing.

Note:  For information on document conventions, refer to

Cisco Technical Tips Conventions.

Q. What does it mean to have fast or autonomous switching "enabled" and "disabled" on the same interface?

A. Look at this example:

Ethernet 6 is up, line protocol is up
      Internet address is 192.192.15.1, subnet mask is 255.255.255.0       
      Broadcast address is 192.192.15.255
      Address determined by non-volatile memory MTU is 1500 bytes
      Helper address is 192.192.12.5
      Outgoing access list is not set

IP Address Subnetting Tutorial

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This talk will cover the basics of IP addressing and subnetting.
Topics covered will include:

What is an IP Address?

What are Classes?

What is a Network Address?

What are Subnet Masks and Subnet Addresses?

How are Subnet Masks defined and used?

How can all this be applied?

What is CIDR?

How can I get more information?

DNS Zone Types

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DNS plays an important role in creating an effective Windows 2000 Active Directory (AD) implementation. AD requires DNS and uses it for name resolution and, with the help of a new Resource Record (RR) type called SRV Records, for service location. Because AD relies on DNS for these services, Win2K offers a more scalable and efficient solution than Windows NT 4.0, which uses WINS. A DNS database known as a zone file contains RRs to link host names with their corresponding IP addresses. Win2K DNS supports two kinds of zone files, standard and AD integrated.

DNS Client Settings

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DNS uses fully qualified domain names (FQDN) to identify a computer. FQDNs are composed of the host name and the domain name (also called a suffix). Windows client computers can be identified using two different DNS suffixes:

 

• Primary suffix, set through the System properties.
• Connection-specific suffix, configured through the TCP/IP properties for the network adapter.

With dynamic DNS, client computers can update the DNS database with their host name. Keep in mind the following facts about client dynamic updates:

DNS Name Resolution Process

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You should be familiar with the DNS name resolution process:

 

1. When a DNS name resolution request is forwarded to a DNS server, the DNS server examines its local DNS cache for the IP address.
2. If the IP address is not in the DNS server's cache, it checks its Hosts file. (Since the Hosts file is a static text file, it is not commonly used.)
3. If the DNS server is not authoritative and configured for forwarding, the DNS server forwards the request to a higher-level DNS server.
4. If the DNS server cannot forward the request, or if forwarding fails, the DNS server uses its Root Hints file (also known as Cache.dns). The Root Hints file lists the 13 root DNS servers.
   

Dynamic DNS Facts

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For a Windows 2000/XP/2003 client, the following process is used to dynamically update the DNS database.

1. The client boots and receives an IP address from the DHCP server.
2. The client sends a DNS update request to update the forward lookup record.
3. The DHCP server sends an update request to update the reverse lookup record.



For non-dynamic update clients, the DHCP server sends both the forward and reverse lookup updates. You can also configure the DHCP server to perform both tasks for Windows clients.

To enable dynamic updates, use the following steps:

1. On the Windows DNS server, open the Zone Properties dialog box and enable dynamic updates.
2. In the TCP/IP Properties of the client, make sure dynamic DNS is enabled (enabled is the default setting).
   

DNS Namespace Planning

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SUMMARY

The resolution of names through the use of Domain Name System (DNS) is central to Windows operation. Without proper name resolution, users cannot locate resources on the network. It is critical that the design of the DNS namespace be created with Active Directory in mind and that the namespace that exists on the Internet not conflict with an organization's internal namespace.

MOREINFORMATION

The recommended approach to DNS design in an Active Directory environment is to design the Active Directory environment first and then support that design with the DNS structure. However, in some cases, the DNS namespace may already be in place. In such a configuration, the Active Directory environment should be designed independently and then implemented either as a totally separate namespace or as a subdomain of the existing namespace. If the namespace you choose already exists on the Internet, it may cause name resolution problems for internal clients.

Split-Brain Domain Name Services for Communications Server

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There is much to think about in the design of your network perimeter for Office Communications Server-several services are offered in the perimeter network through the Edge Servers. The primary goal when implementing a split-brain DNS solution is to provide a near total disassociation of the internal DNS servers and the perimeter DNS servers. This provides easier and faster resolution for clients and prohibits an external DNS server from initiating communications with your internal DNS. This article explores several design considerations and explains why it is important to include a perimeter DNS server in your network topology.